18. Metaprogramming & Decorators

1. Decorators

Functions that modify other functions.

python
def log(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print(f"Calling {func.__name__}")
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return wrapper

@log
def add(a, b):
    return a + b

2. Context Managers

The with statement.

python
class Timer:
    def __enter__(self):
        self.start = time.time()
    def __exit__(self, *args):
        print(f"Time: {time.time() - self.start}")

with Timer():
    heavy_computation()

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