4. Flow Control

Truthy and Falsy

Booleans are True and False. But every object in Python decides if it is "Truth-like" or "False-like".

Falsy Values:

• 0, 0.0
• "" (Empty String)
• [], {}, () (Empty Containers)
• None

python
name = ""
if not name:
    print("Name is empty") # This runs

The Match Statement (Python 3.10+)

A powerful upgrade to the classic switch statement.

python
status = 404

match status:
    case 200:
        print("OK")
    case 404:
        print("Not Found")
    case _:
        print("Unknown")

While vs For

• Use for when you know the collection or range.
• Use while when you are waiting for a condition (e.g., "while user has not quit").